HMS Bounty Essay -- essays research papers

HMS BountyThe HMS Bounty set drag in 1789. captain William Bligh and his many work partymembers ran the place. There was an upset between the crew and the Captain. Even though the men violated the Articles of War it was justifiable that they should non be punished.          The Crew of Captain Bligh, under penalty of law and the Captain, had no right to commit mutiny and remove the Captain from the ship. The Articles of War clearly state that if any crewmember conceals any traitorous practice or figure of speech shall suffer death or any other punishment as a court martial shall think fit. That is exactly what Captain Blighs crew took upon themselves. The crew had no reason to blame him for the rations of water because he was doing it to keep the breadfruit alive which was the whole reason for the mission. Indubitably the crews actions were unlawful.The Captain of the HMS Bounty was William Bligh. He was very strict in his actions and i n his punishment. He followed the Articles of War like the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church followed the Bible. When they were in port the Captain was very courteous and polite to everyone on the ship. He treated everyone equally and didnt abuse his rank. That soon changed as the ship set out for the open seas and Tahiti.      The crew started to challenge the Captain and he punished each person that defied him. Many of his actions were unjustifiable and should in turn away be pu...

Life Defined by a Single Moment in Scarlet Letter, Red Badge of Courage

A Life Defined by a Single Moment in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter, Stephen Cranes Red Badge of Courage, andDostoevskys Crime and Punishment Life freighter be changed by a decision made during a champion moment. Despite the natural gifts of courage or intelligence of a person, a single mistake rear isolate him from the rest of corporation. In adept case this nonify be cause by worldly concern conception. The public believes that this person is morally inferior and singles out that person for ridicule. However, it can also be self-imposed closing off. Either way, that person can non rejoin his society until he has redeemed himself. In Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter, both kinds of moral isolation are examined. Hester Prynne is placed in the publics scorn for her adulterous represent. The scarlet A that she is forced to wear as a penance ensures that no one, peculiarly Hester herself, will forget what she did. Through the publics condemnation of her act, Hester eventually find s her salvation and purges herself of guilt. She becomes a stronger person because of this new understanding and gains the communitys respect for her charity. Dimmesdale, on the other hand, does not face his sin publicly until ... ...no matter how intelligent or extraordinary, can go their entire lives without making a bad decision. In enjoin for them to return morally to the other members of their society, their redemption must contain trusted factors. First, it is not necessary for a confession to be public unless the transgressor believes that it is a requirement for forgiveness. Then the person must believe that the redeeming act is equal to the mistake and that he is cleared of guilt. After he forgives himself, he is no longer morally isolated and returns to society whether or not the society has forgiven him.

The Manipulation of Prospero Essay example -- Tempest

The Manipulation of ProsperoManipulation means to influence or manage shrewdly or deviously to tamper with or put off for personal gain. In William Shakespeares play, The Tempest, we meet an provoke, mysterious Prospero, a prestidigitator and the true Duke of Milan now living on a deserted island with his miss Miranda. Prospero has the power to manipulate his own daughter and does this because he wants to protect her from danger. Prospero has an interesting relationship with his daughter. Prospero talks and Miranda listens unwillingly. She does not pay attention and Prospero always seems to tell her. Dost Thou attend me? (1.2. 77). Prospero exploits Miranda in any way that he can. basic of all, for 12 years Prospero forgets to mention to Miranda that she is a princess Thy father was the Duke of Milan and A prince of power. (1.2. 54) For 12 years Prospero manipulated Miranda by not telling Miranda her true identity. He left over(p) her with unanswered questions that bothered he r for all those years. Prospero also upsets her with the tempest that he caus...

Organic Nomenclature and Functional Groups Essay

Learning how to name and ca-ca the mental synthesis of the several(a) compounds is the first step in learning to speak the language of essential alchemy. Chapter 1 presented organic chemistry as the chemistry of the carbon atom. However, many organic compounds contain other atoms besides carbon that contri besidese importantly to the physical and chemical substance properties of the compound. Chemists call these atoms heteroatoms, and the groups they form, functional groups. This chapter provides an overview of the rules for naming organic www. ochem4free. com 5 July 2005 Organic chemistry Ch 2 73 Daley & Daley compounds.It also introduces the major(ip) functional groups that you will encounter as you study organic chemistry along with the rules of how to name them and adopt their structures. The presence of heteroatoms radically changes the physical and chemical properties of the compounds to which they ar bonded. In fact, the carbon heteroatom bonds and the carboncarbo n multiple bonds argon the main sites where chemical reactions take place. Organic compounds atomic number 18 arranged into breakes check to the particular functional groups that they contain. Members of each class of compounds share common chemical and physical characteristics.The names of organic compounds are assigned according to the class of the compound as determined by the functional groups. This chapter also shows how to draw the structural representations of these compounds. 2. 1 Drawing Organic Structures A two-dimensional structural manifestationtion of a hydrocarbon shows all of the atoms with all of their bonds in the plane of the page. Molecules are actual, three-dimensional entities. Their structure is a major factor that determines their physical properties and the fashion one molecule interacts with another molecule.These bonds are combinations of adept bonds with hydrogen atoms and single or multiple bonds with other carbon atoms. For molecules that contain a greathearted number of atoms or complex structures, drawing both bond and every atom is time and space consuming. A common notation develop to abbreviate the drawing without sacrificing the clarity of the structure is the condensed structural formula shown downstairs for heptane CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 Heptane www. ochem4free. com 5 July 2005 Organic Chemistry Ch 2 74 Daley & Daley victorious out the lines representing the carboncarbon bonds condenses this formula still moreCH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Heptane Heptane has quint repeating CH2 groups, called methylene groups. Beca intake many organic molecules have such exigent groups, an even more condensed notation shows these repeating units. Using this notation, the formula for heptane is as follows CH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane Bond-line formulas represent the carbon atoms as the intersection of lines and as line ends. You contract all the hydrogens needed to complete carbons valences. The bond-line structural formula is the n otation that most organic chemists prefer to use. Bond-line formulas are easy to draw and quickly convey the essential structure of a molecule.Both the ends and the angles of the structure represent the carbon atoms. CH bonds are not shown, but you should assume that the appropriate number of hydrogen atoms is present to complete the quaternity bonds required by carbon to have its octet of electrons. The bond-line formula for heptane looks uniform this Heptane Not all hydrocarbons are straight chains many are rings. Chemists use the same structural formulas for them. Because the illustration of the two-dimensional structural formula of methylcyclopentane is so cluttered, it does not clearly show the ring. H H H C C H C C C H H CH HH H HH MethylcyclopentaneThe condensed structural formula is clearer. www. ochem4free. com 5 July 2005 Organic Chemistry Ch 2 75 Daley & Daley CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH3 CH2 Methylcyclopentane The bond-line structural formula is even clearer. Thus, chemists use it most frequently. Methylcyclopentane Often, chemists combine the bond-line and condensed notations to clarify a structure or underscore specific features. This formula also represents methylcyclopentane. CH3 Methylcyclopentane Exercise 2. 1 Redraw each of the future(a) condensed structural formulas using the bond-line notation.

The Socio-Cultural Effects of Technology on Society

Group research paper The Socio-Cultural Effects of applied science on Society Technology and society or engineering and horticulture relate to the recurring co-dependence, co-influence, co-production of engineering science and society upon the other (technology upon culture, and vice-versa) (Websters dictionary 5060). in that hole be an extraordinary number of usages how science and technology has helped us that stool be seen in society forthwith. mavin great example is the fluent phone. Ever since the invention of the telephone society was in desire of a more than portable device that they could exercising to talk to sight.This mettle nearly demand for a new product led to the invention of the mobile phone, which did, and still do, greatly influence society and the fashion people belong their locomotes. Now many people be accessible to talk to whomever they essential no matter where any of the two people are. All these petty changes in mobile phones, like Int ernet access, are further examples of the motorbike of co-production. Societys need for being able to c both on people and be available e dressu al togetherywhere resulted in the research and development of mobile phones.They in turn influenced the way we live our lives. As the populace relies more and more on mobile phones, additional features were requested. This is in any case true with to daylights late media player. Society as well determined the changes that were made to the previous genesis media player that the manufactures true. Take for example, todays media players. At the beginning, cassettes were being utilise to store data. However, that method was grand and cumbersome so the manufactures developed embrace disks, which were smaller and could breastfeed more data.Later, compact disks were again likewise large and did non hold enough data that forced todays manufactures to create MP3 players, which are small and holds large follow of data. Todays society d etermined the course of events that many manufactures took to improving their products so todays consumers will purchase their products. Looking back into ancient history, scotchs can be tell to hurt arrived on the scene when the occasional, impulsive exchange of goods and services began to occur on a less(prenominal) occasional, less spontaneous basis.It probably did non assimilate long for the dispatchr of arrowheads to absorb that he could probably do a lot better by concentrating on the fashioning of arrowheads and barter for his other needs. Clearly, regardless of the goods and services bartered, some amount of technology was involvedif no more than in the making of shell and bead jewelry. Even the shamans potions and sacred objects can be said to suck in involved some technology. So, from the very beginnings, technology can be said to have spurred the development of more e delveate economies.In the mod earth, superior technologies, resources, geography, and histor y give rise to robust economies and in a well-functioning, robust economy, economic excess indispensablely flows into greater use of technology. More over, because technology is lots(prenominal) an inseparable part of benignant society, especially in its economic aspects, funding sources for (new) scientific endeavors are virtually illimitable. However, while in the beginning, technological investment involved little more than the age, efforts, and skills of one or a few men, today, such investment may involve the collective labor and skills of many millions.Technology has frequently been driven by the military, with many raw applications being developed for the military before being adapted for noncombatant use. However, this has always been a two-way flow, with industry of cardinal taking the occupy in developing and adopting a technology that is only later on adopt by the military. Winston (2003) provides an excellent summary of the honorable implications of technologic al development and deployment. He states there are four major ethical implications Challenges traditional ethical norms.Because technology dazes relationships among individuals, it challenges how individuals deal with each other, even in ethical ways. i example of this is challenging the definition of human life as corporeal by debates in the areas of abortion, euthanasia, capital punishment, etc. , which all involve modern technological developments. Creates an aggregation of personal effects. One of the greatest problems with technology is that its detrimental effects are often small, scarce cumulative.Such is the case with the pollution from the suntan of fossil fuels in automobiles. Each individual automobile creates a very small, almost negligible, amount of pollution, however the cumulative effect could possibly top to the global warming effect. Other examples embarrass accumulations of chemical pollutants in the human body, urbanization effects on the environment, e tc. A Lancaster dropping bundles of 4lb model incendiaries (left), 30lb incendiaries and a cookie (right) Changes the distribution of justice.In essence, those with technology tend to have higher access to justice systems. Or, justice is not distributed equally to those with technology versus those with come in. Provides great dominance. Not only does technology amplify the ability, and hence the strength, of humans, it also provides a great strategic advantage to the human(s) who hold the greatest amount of technology. Consider the strategic advantage gained by having greater technological innovations in the military, pharmaceuticals, computing machines, etc.For example, Bill Gates has considerable influence (even outside of the computer industry) in the course of human affairs due to his successful effectuation of computer technology. Lifestyle In many ways, technology simplifies life. * The rise of a leisure class * A more informed society,which can set about quicker resp onses to events and trends * Sets the stage for more complex learning t entreats * Increases multi-tasking (although this may not be simplifying) * Global net do working * Creates denser social circles * Cheaper prices * Greater specialization in jobs In other ways, technology complicates life. Pollution is a serious problem in a technologi skirty advanced society (from acid rain to Chernobyl and Bhopal) * The augment in transportation technology has brought congestion in some areas * bracing forms of danger existing as a consequence of new forms of technology, such as the first generation of nuclear reactors * youthful forms of entertainment, such as video games and internet access could have possible social effects on areas such as academic performance * Increased hazard of some diseases and disorders, such as obesity * Social separation of bizarre human interaction.Technology has increased the need to talk to more people faster. * Structural unemployment * Anthropocentric cl imate change Institutions and groups Technology often enables organizational and bureaucratic group structures that otherwise and heretofore were simply not possible. Examples of this capability include * The rise of very large organizations e. g. , governments, the military, wellness and social welfare institutions, supranational corporations. * The commercialization of leisure sports events, products, etc. McGinn) * The almost instantaneous diffusion of information (especially news) and entertainment around the cosmea. International Technology enables greater acquaintance of international issues, value, and cultures. Due mostly to mass transportation and mass media, the world seems to be a much smaller place, due to the following, among others * Globalization of ideas * Embeddings of values * Population growth and control Environment Technology provides an understanding, and an appreciation for the world around us.The effects of technology on the environment are twain dist inct and subtle. The more obvious effects include the depletion of nonrenewable natural resources (such as petroleum, coal, ores), and the added pollution of air, water, and land. The more subtle effects include debates over long-term effects (e. g. , global warming, deforestation, natural habitat destruction, coastal wetland loss. ) One of the main problems is the lack of an effective way to remove these pollutants on a large scale expediently.In temperament, organisms recycle the wastes of other organisms, for example, plants produce type O as a by-product of photosynthesis, and oxygen-breathing organisms use oxygen to metabolize food, producing deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide as a by-product, which plants use in a process to make sugar, with oxygen as a waste in the first place. No such mechanism exists for the removal of technological wastes. Humanity at the bite may be compared to a colony of bacteria in a Petri dish with a constant food supply with no way to remove the wastes of their metabolism, the bacteria eventually poison themselves. Spook Country introduces us to the interesting world of information immersion through the eyes of Hollis Henry, a former rock band- Curfews musician and the lead character in the raw. She is confident and ambitious. She quit her band because she was not making enough money for living, so she decided to start her career as a journalist. She very started writing when she was little, even before she became a rock band member. It was obvious that she had a passion for writing.Holliss job is very complicated, she has to untangle all the mysterious things and find out information for the Node magazine which does not really exist yet. Hollis searches for a strange container throughout the entire refreshed and when she finally finds it in the end, she discovers that the container is ultimately filled with U. S. Government Money, One degree Celsius million dollars. In a set of fake pallets, along the floor. nearly fo urteen inches deep. Little over a ton of U. S. hundreds (Gibson 337). This makes her become a possible tar clear for a Chinese / Cuban group use on tagging the money with Cesium.She starts in Los Angeles and ends up in Vancouver. Henrys assignment is to interview locative art specialist Bobby Chombo, who took his last shape from a computer program which, according to the Applied Numerical Algorithms Group, provides a set of tools for implementing finite difference methods for the solution of partial differential equations on block-structured adaptively refined rectangular grids. Bobby is a computer geek with a enchantment for the intersection of virtual space and real space. He specializes in geospatial technologies.He got into locative art after a career working navigational systems for the US military, and uses his expertise to place works of art on a VR grid mapped over real cities and t causes. In my opinion, Gibsons story is not only about locative art and how weird our wor ld is sightly he also has the good graces to give us a stag story, which deals with the ubiquity of information in a different way. Agent cook and his captive junkie Russian translator, Milgrim, are on the tail of a Cuban-Chinese Spetsnaz-trained ninja believed (rightly) by the US government to be smuggling information to an unbe hunchn(predicate) entity for an unknown purpose.brown relies on satellite information to track him, another(prenominal) nod to the ubiquity of information, and keeps Milgrim in the dark about his actual affiliation and intent. Milgrim experiences a big shock in his life as he boards a Jet stream to Vancouver. He looses his mind completely which has neer happened to him before. Prior to boarding a Jet stream, he was excited to get his hair and makeup done in Washington, DC free by Browns attache. Later in the novel, Milgrim crashes car in an exploit to kill Tito but he manages to escape and steals Hollis Henrys handbag which contains five thousand do llares given to her by proxy from a loose band mate, heroin overdose, Jimmy Carlyle. by and by all these activities are over, Milgrim wakes up in a nice bed with a nice nut case breakfast next to him. As a drug addict, he is very calm and focused on what he is doing. He works with Brown very closely, their relationship is more like Brown takes control of everything and gives orders to Milgrim. They work in New York in the beginning. Milgrim is a prisoner of the world of information.In Spook Country, Gibsons use of these three characters unitedly, lets the story of Tito, Brown and Milgrim, and Hollis construct to a conclusion which amounts to a great big middle riff to the war in Iraq. Gibson has illustrated characters looking, literally, for their place in the world, and they have shown that the world we live in today did not turn out to be the fantast paradise we might have wanted, validating our inevitable escape into the digital. No flying cars, no magic pill hamburgers, an d no pocket computers, but works of art that we can only see if we are erosion virtual reality goggles, standing on a particular track corner. breeding is all around us, rather than a thing into which we interject ourselves. The topics that I researched were the Santeria trust, Ochun, the subject area certification business office (NSA), and the term puffy buddy. These topics were all related in the novel Spook Country by William Gibson. Technology played a big a part in the plot from robots to cell phones to computers. Information as commodity was also a major influence in this novel with the use of Ipods, newspapers, and surveillance cameras. The characters depended supernal on all these items as tools of survival.I will discuss the history, the development, and impact among the Santeria nonionic religion, Ochun, the matter warranter position (NSA) and the term Big companion. Santeria (also know as La Regla Lucumi) is a combination of the West African Yoruba religion and Catholicism. The Way of the Saints, Santeria or as the descendants of the Afro-Caribbean tradition in Cuba prefers to call it. Santeria rather overemphasizes the Catholic elements in the religion, which was essentially an African unearthly path, developed by their ancestors (www. african holocaust. net).They attempted to covert Africans but while they original the teaching they found it did not provide religious fulfillment. They move to practice their own rituals which they found was useful and effective, most importantly, filled the spiritual void in their lives. It was brought to Cuba originally by the African slaves who were brought by the Spaniards to that island. Santeria believes in one creator, one All Mighty God (Olorun Olodumare), who created the other semi-gods or entities called Orishas, to deal with every facet of human life a nature itself.They interceded in on our behalf just as the Catholic saints intercede. Although the African slaves were not allowed to ex press their religion freely they had to disguise their gods, with those of the slave owners (www. santeriaspells. com) below is a small list (marked with an asterisk) what are called the Seven African Powers 1. Olodumare (God Almighty) 2. * Ellegua (Sant Anthony of Padua) 3. * Obatala (La Virgen de Las Mercedes) 4. * Yemaya (La Virgen de Regla) 5. * Chango (Santa Barbara) 6. * Oya (Santa Therese de Jesus) 7. * Ochun (Las Caridad del Cobre) 8. * Ogun (San Pedro)In the Santeria religion Eleggua is the flight attendant of the roads and the world. Eleggua is the gatekeeper that stands in the path of life and heavenly grounds. Ellegua is an Orisha (spirit) associated with opening the ways, or crossroads. Often depicted as a child or a small man, he is playful and a trickster god. During the ceremonies worshippers would often have a cement head this is unconnected of the ritual A cement head with a metal stake in the top, and cowrie shells for eyes and mouth, as a representation of El legua which receives offerings and protects in return (wikipedia. org).The Babalu Aye is the Orisha name for St. Lazarus it means Father of the World he is ordinarily referred to the Father of the World. His twines are brown, black and purple. His number is 17 his symbols are two dogs and crutches. He is portrayed dressed in burlap. He is offered colour wine, popcorn, sesame seed candy and a variety of grains, beans, and seeds. Many Cubans hold a vigil starting the night of December 16th. They get together and light candles and make offerings to Babulu Aye and wait for him to arrive at midnight. Come midnight they ask for San Lazaro to watch over them nd keep them and their families safe and healthy. Today, December 17, is Babalu Aye day in the Afro-Cuban religion (www. babalublog. com). In Cuban Santeria, Oshun (sometimes spelled Ochun or Ochun) is the goddess of love, of money and then of happiness. She brings all the good things of life (www. angelfire. com). This goddess is adorned with jewelry she speaks to one of her birds, the parrot. She is the goddess of syrupy water, she is found near fresh water, at rivers, ponds, and especially waterfalls. Offerings are sometimes left at the waterfalls for her.Ochun loves to dance and make merry but she does have a serious side. Many offerings are sometimes left for her at the waterfalls. Many ceremonies are located at the river (www. angelfire. com). Her favorite day of the calendar week is Saturday and the number she is associated with is 5 (wkipedia. org). Its been known that she had to sell her body in order to feed her children and the other Orishas came and took her children away. Oshun went insane from heartache and became depress. She wore the same purity dress everyday it turns yellow over time.A gentleman by the name of Aje-Shaluga, another Orsiha, they fell in love while she was process her dress. He supplied her with money, and gems that he gathered from the bottom of the river. They became marr ied and she was reunited with her children again. Ochun has played a great role in Cuban history, revealing herself as the virgin Mary to three copper miners caught in a storm at sea in the seventeenth century and also assisted Cuban soldiers, who sewed portraits of her in their uniforms, during the second war of license in 1895.Ochun has been called La Virgin Mambisa, in commemoration of her fierceness in encountering for the independence of Cuba Castros Movement the 26th of July used the colors red and black, which are the colors of Eleggua (www. african holocaust. net). This religion welcomes all doctors, lawyers, politicians, thieves and pimps. All those who seek the office staff to control their own lives and want to lead them in accord with the deepest separate of their beings are candidates for initiation into Santeria. This religion seems to be an open one that accepts all races there is no discrimination within this religion.Santeria is a religion of trance, mystery, po ssession, drive home and sex. If you want to know more, go to the ceremonies, burn the candles and dance to the drums. Skin color or language is no barriers. The ancient gods will recognize their own (www. Moonweb/Santeria/Intor. html). The field shelter Agency (NSA) was created in November 1952 provided joined States decision makers and leaders for more than 50 years (The Shadow Factory The Ultra-Secret NSA form 9/11 to the eavesdropping on America. ).The NSA is the largest, most secretive, and most powerful intelligence power in the world. With a staff of thirty-eight thousand people, it dwarfs the Central science Agency (CIA) in budget, manpower, and influence (Body of Secrets Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret subject field Security Agency). Cryptologists fixed the foundation of the critical role of all major conflicts In 1956, the worldwide Canine enlisted the help of an outside management firm to examine the agencys problems. The consultants recommended a complete change.The repercussions, according to a later guinea pig Security Agency (NSA) report, lasted more than thirty years. Signals intelligence would be organized according to target-countries China and Communist Asia and so on. Each of the section would include specific disciplines, such as cryptanalysis and traffic analysis (42). On November 23, 1956, Ralph Canine walked out of interior(a) Security Agency for the last time as Director. A message from Howard Campaigme I was surprised to learn later that the people above him didnt think nearly as much of him as we did. Mr.Canine made a tremendous impression (43). There efforts of the use of radio intercept, radio directional finding, and processing capabilities gave United States and its ally a unique advantage in World War I. (www. nsa. gov/History. com). The use of the Radio intercept in the National Security Agency was a vital tool often used in tracking the location of planes, missiles and also served as a communication tool for the pilots. For Years American intercept operators in Turkey had eavesdropped on Soviet microwave radar installations as they tracked the occasional U-2 over flight.But because the spy planes flew far too high for either Russian MIGs or their SA-2 surface-to-air missiles, they were out of harms way. It was like throwing a rock at a passing jetliner. This time, however, something was different something was very wrong Hes turn left the American heard a Soviet pilot shout. A few moments later the intercept operators watched the U-2 suddenly disappear from Russian radar screens near Sverdlovsk (49). The United States spends a lot of money to protect its National Security, in 2007 $572. 4 million dollars on national excuse.In 2004 $456 billion dollars was counted for. The hit estimated budget for 2007 was $2. 7 trillion dollars. Most expensive components of National defense were the cost for development and testing new highly innovative military equipment such as aircraft, ships, and submar ines. Spending on Natl defense spiked during World War II. , reaching nearly 90% of the nations total outlays. (National Security The Information Series on Current Topics). The National Security Agency is oversea of several federal agencies United States Department of abnegation (DOD) United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) certain components After the kinfolk 11, 2001 terrorist attacks law makers quickly put together a new law designed to help the US fight the terrorist threat. The new law that was implemented was the Patriot Act which stands for The Uniting and change America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required Intercepting and Obstructing Terrorism (Terrorism- Premeditated, politically motivated force play perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents. (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001. The act consists of ten titles appellation I. Enhancing Domestic Security against Terrorism (Terrorism- Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents). championship II. Enhanced Surveillance Procedures, patronage III. International Money Laundering Abatement and Anti-terrorist Financing Act of 2001, human activity IV. Protecting the boarder, Title V. Removing Obstacles to Investigating Terrorism, Title VI. Providing for Victims of Terrorism, Public Safety Officers, and Their Families, Title VII. Increased Information Sharing For Critical Infrastructure Protection Title VIII. Strengthening the Criminal Laws against Terrorism, Title IX. Improved Intelligence, Title X. Miscellaneous. One of the purposes of the act is to facilitate better cooperation and information sharing between government agencies, specially between the IC and law enforcement agencies (National Security The Information Series on Current Topics). In 2002 Congress and President George W. Bush created the National missionar y work on Terrorist Attacks on the United States to investigate all the circumstances relating to the terrorist attacks.This probe resulted in For nearly two years the commission reviewed relevant documents and interviewed more than one thousand people as part of its investigation. In 2004 their findings were make in the 9/11 Commission Report (National Security The Information Series on Current Topics). The term Big companion came from a fictional character in George Orwells novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. The novel was about a dictator of Oceania, a totalitarian state take to its utmost logical consequence. This is where the ruling elite (The Party) wield total power for its own sake over the inhabitants.The term Big associate is caused to refer to any ruler or government that invades the privacy of its citizens (www. barleby. com). Big Brother physical appearance is of Joseph Stalin or Lord Kitchener. His moustache is also analogous to Adolf Hitler. After researching there was a lot of information that I intimate about the Santeria religion, Ochun, the National Security Agency and the term Big Brother. I learned the history of the Santeria religion, the Seven African Powers, the gate keeper Eleggua, the Father of the World Babalu Aye.I read about The National Security Agency development and its functions within the Agency. I also discovered the birth of the term Big Brother affect this term had on the government. After reading the novel Spook Country by William Gibson the topics that I can relate to are the National Security Agency and the term Big Brother. The event that affects me the most is the bombing of the Twin Towers on September 11. From this event security has increased in airports, on planes, trains, subway stations, buses, malls, schools and also inside Federal Government and other buildings.The term Big Brother is watching you are related also to today because of the September eleventh terrorist attack, which brings this term to real life So meone is Watching You. The National Security Agency has made it a top priority to keep the United States a safe and secured country for everyone. Work Cited Applied Numerical Algorithms Group. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California. 2007. 8 Nov. 2008 < http//seesar. lbl. gov/anag/>. Bamford, James. Body of Secrets Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency From the Cold War through the Dawn of a New Century.New York Doubleday, 2008. Becker, Ernest. The Structure of Evil. An Essay on the Unification of the Science of Man. New York G. Braziller. 1968. Evans Masters, Kim. National Security The Information Series on Current Topics. Wylie, Texas Information Plus, 2007. Langone, John. National Geographics How Things Work Everyday Technology Explained. Washington, D. C. National Geographic Society, 1999. Technology, policy, ethics, and public health a select bibliography Tavani, H. T. Technology and Society Magazine, IEEE Vol. 19, Issue 3 (2000) 26 34.

The Red Location Museum in South Africa

1 To many southeastward Africans, the terminal of apartheid, in 1994, was around unbelievable ( web beginning 3 ) . Although apartheid came to an terminal in the class 1994 lawfully and politically, alteration has non been a simple undo as it has been extensively effected due to its policies spacial every bit good as societal and frugal facets of the yesteryear. There ar topographic trains in second Africa that argon still fighting and thrust non yet march on to current ethnicities and imposts all due to the racial subjugation of over long periods of decennaries. The sound out how of all time does seek to develop the international redbrick computer architecture As the new political and spacial freedoms sank in, the articulate began the of import force of explicating how to mark and curate an season that will specify all that came in the lead and after A gold and cerise tale ( Findley 2011 ) .And split of the state is successfully accomplishing against the sp read that still remains for well- fashionedization or modern architecture. A topographic rase like rosy location inNew Brighton, confining the coastal metropolis of Port Elizabeth is a clear and definite instance of a topographic point in southeastern Africa that struggled and still struggles to correct in modern footings. The essay will be a vital rating of how the construction inflammation pickle Museum which is lay in an plain where culture has become so applicable can use to Framptons thoughts rough captious regionalism as a survey of modern-day South African computer architecture particularly in the visible radiation of a lifting planetary identity element and a certain erosion of topical anesthetic anestheticized considerations. ( GDC 2014 ) blood-red location is an old black township in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. It derives its secern from a series of corrugated Fe barrack edifices, which ar corrode a deep coloring material ruddy. The ruddy of the F e oxide pigment, now skining and corroding, inspired the country s poetic name ( Findley 2011 ) and continues to guide that the edifice stuffs for these sheds stem from constructions derived from the first gear South African War which started in 1899 and blockadeed in 1902 named the concentration cantonment at Uitenhage every bit good as the Imperial Yeomanry Hospital at De Aar. It was a locate of interlocking during the old ages of Apartheid. One of the state s most constituted black townships over the decennaries it remained an active Centre of anti-apartheid activism A gold and ruddy tale ( Findlay 2011 ) . Manny outstanding and cultural leaders were either born or lived in florid Location New Brighton was the scene of early ANC civil disobedience ( Findley 2011 ) which presents it even more consequential as it records the important battle events to South Africa. Red location offers to maroon the battle that mark the efforts by different groups in South Africa to liberat e themselves In striking bank line to the Gold Reef MuseumA gold and ruddy tale ( Findley 2011 ) . It is rather dry that the militants of Red Location occupied the same set of absolute that their enemy the Afrikaners, occupied as a infinite of captivity during the first South African war as Red and Gold write up Findley ( 2011 ) had mentioned that the remains of barracks constructed by the English to house Boer adult females and kids imprisoned during the Boer War.The Red Location Museum which was excogitateed by Jo Noero was designed to be two a memorial to South Africa s battle against apartheid and an intact per centum of alliance life in a township that acted as a resolve keister for the struggle. ( Museum that brings 2007 ) it was constructed for more than merely memorial further an economic convulsion to better the turn up. However the Red location museum is a primary developing of the Red Location Cultural Precinct which is a non for commercial urban renewal de velopment, The museum s design draws on impressions of warehousing to demo both the horrors of charge racism and the heroic attempts of the anti-apartheid motion in crisp relief. ( Museum that brings 2007 ) there for re-create it would be get the better ofing the intent it stands for.The museum, which opened to the populace in November 2006, has won three major international awards ( Museum that brings 2007 ) It is a modern-day edifice as the edifice was merely constructed and opened merely a fewer old ages back and was successful plenty to come in and melt down up against other international architectural competitions, likewise doing it globally relatable and up to steps. This is of import because it indicates that the edifice is successfully able to delight the viewers cultural facet and be globally compatible. diminutive regionalism is non merely regionalism in the sense of common architecture.It is a progressive attack to plan that seeks to intercede amongst the planetar y and t 2 he local lingual communication of architecture. ( Museum that brings 2007 ) A museum is usually constructed for in reminiscence of a important happening of the office in which in the instance of the Red Location Museum, was constructed in memory of the apartheid epoch where they natives built their places utilizing local found stuffs as they were at a disadvantage due to the battle of the subjugation and no entree to any superior methods, as Heath ( 2009 73 ) responsiblenesssthe unstoppable constructions of power that defined the societal experience of apartheid and the promise of regained cultural laissez faire that the really premiss of a post-apartheid heritage museum nowadayss.The edifice is constructed utilizing the local stuffs and besides incorporates global international stuffs and frame in order to run into the international linguistic communication of architecture.The rise and autumn of the Avant Garde is working towards Modernization and a facilitating p rocedure of modernisation, which is a progressive, liberate signifier unless is besides strange to the positivism of in-between category / consumer category subtlety where ( GDC 2014 ) states that planetary political and economic crisis which deliberates into war, economic depression, revolution, rise of patriotism and dire demand for psycho societal stableness consequences in a division between province capitalist economy and liberative cultural modernisation. South Africans apartheid epoch might attain ended lawfully and politically but yet the extended set up of its policies spacial every bit good as societal and economic have non been a simple undo. The disadvantage was a small as well big in graduated table for the whole economic arrangement to catch up on developing the full state and prop it all modernised, The Red Location Museum however tries to integrate a broad of modernisation in the design as it contains decently structured parts of the edifice which usage mod ern stuff and for every bit seen in figure 1 which enable people that arent merely from the township to experience attracted visual perception or sing the site with the end of pulling tourers and their dollars to the still isolated township. A gold and ruddy tale ( Findley 2011 ) Jo Noero, the Architect, although did non merely plan a the museum that would be aesthetically delighting for the tourer to bewilder in money but ensured to run into the indigens who are still populating in battle in the country to besides experience welcome and extol and engage in the site The museum composite, designed non merely as a tourer attractive force but besides as an built-in mint of the environing community ( Museum that brings 2007 ) its besides meant to turn the degree Celsius 3 ommunity as a whole as the designer assured a design of a town Centre precinct which would consist restored Fe houses, new lodgment, a library, art Centre, gallery/market hall, conference Centre and, as a centerp iece, an apartheid museum provinces by ( web 3 ) and so this edifice has been used both as a signifier of opposition and later a transformative grade that manages to authorise and to supply hope in a background where edifices and urban design have been put to oppressive usage and therefore turn outing that he successfully enabled civilisation into civilization. Although The phenomenon of universalization, spell being a development of world, signifiers to some extent a elusive devastation, non merely towards traditionalistic civilizations, but besides towards the originative footing of great civilisations and civilization ( Frampton, 2007 ) .Critical Regionalism and universe civilization. Culture is when stuffs or the rout addresses the particulars that are expressed, an thought or construct for the nature &038 A development of joint psycho-social world.Regionalism is to continuesingle and local tectonic characteristics insteadthan Universalistattack,although it could besides be equivocal as its association with reform or release but besides normally has powerful repression and jingoism which are restrictions of regionalism. Importantly, new architecture is a new sort of relation between the designer and user hence humanist attack needs to be emphasised ( GDC 2014 )Architecture today needs to at some point distance itself every bit from the enlighten myth of advancement which is the optimism of advanced tech and every bit good as the ultraconservative and the surreal urges of the daring to return to the architectonic signifiers of a preindustrial yesteryear that include the regressive, wishful historicism or glib decorativeness ( GDC 2014 ) so that it does non wholly free its cultural individuality as enlightened myth of patterned advance could when over powering make a wholly new signifier which has significance of the intent that was bodily lost. 4 arriere-garde, merely means to cultivate immune, identity-giving culture ( GDC 2014 ) this does non back up common architecture and its stuffs because it resists to norms of the ways the indigens would build.To create whole tone architecture, peculiarly societal architecture within complex communities, you need break off to decently insure the procedure and bloodsNoreo. In order for Jo Noero to successfully build a edifice that would be of great quality to the planetary or international criterions but at the same time run into a communitys cultural relevancy he needs to right understand the relationship of the country chiefly and its background to guarantee that of import significance are non lost.The designer of The Red Location museum has tried and true to maintain culturally relevant to the Red location civilization precinct yet besides have a modern visual aspect to the edifice as he reinforces the countries tie to its societal context by blending informally and officially constructed lodging as seen in Figure 3 while ramping from hovels to lessen units, and so instead than following the typical typology of a museum architectural traditional manner Jo Norero uses the different types of edifices and stuffs from the battle even though he does maintain the some kind of modern tradition. As seen in figure 4 the museum has tried to incorporate into the bing vicinity of former victims of apartheid as a seamless portion of their day-to-day life. In this manner, the horror of apartheid becomes more evident merely by its unagitated presence in the museum side by side with a operation community, says designer Jo Noero. So for the cardinal scheme of Critical Regionalisation is to shoot the breeze over the impact of cosmopolitan civilization with elements derived straight from the distinctive features of a peculiar place significance for a edifice to be detailed regionalism it has to see planetary or international civilization elements but have imposts of the peculiar topographic point. And Red Location Museum has established to accumulate civilization wi th elements derived from distinctive features of a peculiar topographic point. To construct a museum of the apartheid epoch in the thick of the township that acted as a melting pot for the battle is an extraordinary accomplishment, ( Museum that brings 2007 ) so Noreo has achieved self-aware syntheses between cosmopolitan civilization and universe civilization. 5 Resistance of topographic point signifier is when the edifice is bounded by its topographic point signifier. If the edifice fits good with its milieus and is placed seamlessly that it wouldnt appear right elsewhere. The strength of provincial civilization resides in its capacity to distill the artistic and critical potency of the part while absorbing and re-explaining outside influences ( Frampton 2007 323 ) . Figure 5 shows the aerial position yield taking of the sight, Red Location Museum where by it shows the edifices milieus and where its been placed The museum is dictated in a hovel colony that had been a outstand ing site of resistance The Museum is in a township where the apartheid battle was rough andThe oldest portion of New Brighton is a grid of unusual hovels made of midst, corrugated Fe, rusted ruddy with age it has been built due to its milieus and its past heritage. Its name foreshadows the context that shaped the undertaking. It is a community based enterprise framed by the extremist rethinking of the undertaking of memorialising. The contact, industrial warehouse-styled complex utilizations infinite, oxidised corrugated Fe, forest and steel to repeat its hovel town surrounds the Red Location hovels for relocate inkinesss, originally constructed out of stuff recycled from defunct Anglo-Boer War concentration camps. Its name Red Location originates from the country which is a township where the edifices or colonies were non ever renewed or even improved and so the hovels would corrode in a ruddy coloring material. The designed was largely an industrial signifier to integrate the r usted corrugated Fe the Red Location and the subject of the environing colony, the museum houses steel containers tipped on terminal to do single memory boxes, giving its conservators a clean canvas in which to exhibit memories, responses and thoughts. ( Museum that brings 2007 ) a manner in which the edifice did non wholly accomplish its topographic point signifier was with tallness of the edifices which is manner excessively high compared to the hovel places environing the site as seen in figure 5 and the usage of modern stuffs but overall the edifice fits into its topographic point signifier and this context of this architecture carries intensified significance and symbolism. All of which underscores the narrative and referential power of edifices and could non be placed elsewhere as it wouldnt make sense as it is bounded by the Red locationIn decision the Red location Museum embodies Critical Regionalism as it has successfully met the demand to delight its local and internatio nal viewing audiences and site visitants for the ground that it caters for both international and local design. The design of the edifice is architecture of opposition as it can non be placed anyplace else in the universe because its significance is prevailing to Red Location in Eastern Cape South Africa The designers have deployed a straightforward, somewhat industrial aesthetic, which recalls the 6 ordinary stuffs that local people scrounged over the old ages to maintain out the rain and keep their hovels together, and besides the move across the railway paths, where the ANC first organized among autoworkers. A gold and ruddy tale ( Findley 2011 ) and Frampton clearly stated that Regionalism of Liberation is said to be The rumination of a part that is particularly in melody with the emerging theme of the time ( Frampton 2007 320 ) , where it is labelled as regional because it hasnt emerged elsewhere . And capital of Minnesota Ricour has said that The chief job of critical r egionalism is to seek answers to inquiry How to be modern and to go on the tradition, how to resuscitate an old hibernating civilisation as portion of cosmopolitan civilization and Jo Noero answered by saying that To create quality architecture, peculiarly societal architecture within complex communities, you need clip to decently understand the procedure and relationshipsKenneth Frampton 2007. Modern architecture a critical history. Ch 5- Critical regionalism modern architecture and cultural individualityKingston Wim Heath.2009.Vernacular Architecture and Regional design.Routedgehypertext transfer protocol //places.designobserver.com/feature/red-and-gold-a-tale-of-two-apartheid-museums/24779/hypertext transfer protocol //www.southafrica.info/about/history/redlocation-museum.htmhypertext transfer protocol //www.southafrica.info/about/history/redlocation-museum.htmWorld panoptic Web. Jastor.org/stable/142574

Disaster Preparedness Essay

A fortuity is generally defined as an essence in which illness or injuries surpass resource capabilities of a community or medical facility (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010). Disaster readying is a process of ensuring that an plaque has complied with the preventive measures and is in a reconcile of readiness to contain the effects of a predicted disastrous event to downplay loss of life, injury, and damage to property.see moreessay on catastrophe management in englishDisaster facility rat alike provide rescue, relief, rehabilitation, and opposite services in the subsequentlymath of the misfortune, as closely as let the capability and resources to continue to sustain its essential functions without universe e preciseplacewhelmed by the demand placed on them. The American Nursing connectedness is answering to ensure that disaster preparedness and response is robust in this country to be panorama-to-facely and professionally prepared for a disaster. being in a prepa red profession can help cut and help the communities recover from disaster founder, faster and stronger (Brewer, 2010).According to the Maricopa Integrated wellness body (MIHS) at Maricopa medical checkup mall, they have a specialized disaster preparedness contrive to fit their current take tercet hazards. Maricopa checkup nucleus conducts a Hazard Vulnerability Assessment (HVA) annually. The current top three hazards K. F. , Manager of Fire Safety and Disaster Preparedness, at Maricopa aesculapian Center has identify hold the great unwashed Causality misfortunes (trauma, burns, pandemic, etc. ), handsome Casualty Hazardous Materials Response (less than five patients), and Severe Weather casualtys (monsoonal performance, thunderstorms, and haboobs).This face has a comprehensive Emergency Operations Plan that addresses the top three current hazards in the validations region. Maricopa Medical Center is withal further developing their business continuity and recover y jut outs into stand-alone forges (K. F. , individualized interview, February 13, 2012). In order to evaluate and determine the impellingness of the disaster preparedness picture, Maricopa Medical Center annually conducts a minimum of deuce operational turns, in addition to various discussion based exercises. The organizations exercises follow the Homeland SecurityExercise Evaluation Program (HSEEP), which includes an after action report process with an improvement plan and tonic action plan sections. According to the Agency for Health help Research and Quality, many studies have showed that disaster drills have been an effective way to improve provides knowledge of infirmary disaster procedures (Catlett, 2004). Additionally, exercise objectives are developed in such a way to exercise pieces of the plan that have been identified as opportunities for repeated improvement and/or grant deliverables.Once opportunities for improvement of the disaster plan are identified, these improvements are remedied by being given corrective actions with proper(postnominal) time frames and the precondition is reported to senior management. Some recent corrective actions that have occurred within recent years include the development of position-specific culture to further build comfort for those that are activated in the hospital Command Center, plan changes regarding Casualty Care Areas during a response to a Mass Casualty Incident, and Standard Operating Procedure enhancement for the hospital Emergency Response Team (K. F. ad hominem interview, February 13, 2012).The facsimile that is present on the disaster preparedness committee for Maricopa Medical Center does not include nursing management. The emergency management committee includes a cross-sectional representation from the entire health system. This includes Acute Care, Behavioral Health, Ancillary Services, and Outpatient Services. K. F. , stated, Bedside nursing has been exceedingly instrumental withi n the various task groups that focus on plan changes. In fact, the task groups associated with Casualty Care, Fatality Management, and HERT development are chaired by bedside nursing mental faculty.There is also a Steering Committee for management that includes the headland Operating Officer, point Medical Officer, Chief Information Officer, Chief Compliance Officer and the Vice President of hospital Operations (K. F. , personal interview, February 13, 2012). The established relationships that are within the community to help implement the organizations disaster preparedness plan are that K. F. is currently the Chair-Elect for the Az Coalition for Healthcare Emergency Response (AzCHER-Central), which brings hospitals, clinics, skilled nursing acilities, fervidness & Emergency Medical Services (EMS), public health, emergency management, and other community stakeholders together for planning. Maricopa Medical Center currently has three to quaternary members on the general bo dy of this group, including bedside nursing representatives. There are a number of governmental agencies that are involved in the organizations disaster preparedness planning. K. F. is an active member with Coyote Crisis Collaborative, which includes some of those from AzCHER, exclusively also universities and community colleges, utilities, private business, faith-based and other volunteer groups, etc.The Chief Information Officer is currently the Chairman of the Board for Coyote Crisis Collaborative. Additionally, they get in in the Hospital Preparedness Program (HPP) Grant which is administered by azimuth Department of Health Services. All of these opportunities provide environments for collaboration, plan sharing, and developing solutions to issues that face all of those included (K. F. , personal interview, February 13, 2012). In order to implement this plan, staff has received adequate training.The National Incident Management System and Incident Command System training is r equired for all identified Hospital Command Center staff. They have a 3-Deep list for all identified positions. Required training includes Incident System-100, Incident System-200, Incident System-700, and Incident System-800 as a minimum. Incident System-300 and Incident System-400 are required for section chiefs and mishap commanders. An overview of the Hospital Incident Command System is shared with all employees at New Employee Orientation.The Hospital Emergency Response Team (HERT) members receive superfluous Hospital Incident Command System (HICS) training within the HERT flesh and must take Incident System-100, Incident System-200, and Incident System-800 as pre-requisites for HERT. At Maricopa Medical Center, HERT training is now the standard for the Emergency Department freshman residents during their orientation process. K. Fehr stated, Additionally, position-specific training has been identified in a recent exercise as an opportunity for improvement. That training has been developed and is scheduled to be administered over the next 90 days (K. F. personal interview, February 13, 2012). Maricopa Medical Center has an change system for the Hospital Command Center that is based upon Hospital Incident Command System IV. This system allows for virtual command and has the ability to saddle status updates, as well as provide real-time status to the HCC Team. They have also just been given access to a Mass Notification program from Arizona Department of Health Services that can be used internally to ensure that communication during incidents is sent to every employee. HICS IV is the current model that is used, which is National Incident Management System compliant (K. F. , personal interview, February 13, 2012).The standards that nurses are held to concerning their ethical obligations to their organization and community would be handled by the Incident Commander with guidance of wither a jural Specialist or Medical Ethicist. Any issues that are s pecific to standards of care would be approved by the Incident Commander and forwarded to the staff during the event based upon available resources, etc. If the question is specific as to the nurses affair to respond to work during a disaster, they do not require them to respond. They desire that they would stay or be willing to come in.The planning includes the set-up of electric razor/elder care areas and sleeping areas for the staff to remove barriers that would take them onward from their station. Planning does include the idea that at least 40 % of the staff will not remain or come in during an incident. Maricopa Medical Center has a Memorandum of Understanding and a Memorandum of understanding with other regional hospitals and formal request processes at the county and state levels for additional staff. When asked whether staff buy-in was a coveted aspect in Maricopa Medical Centers disaster plan, K. F. tates, Staff is absolutely buy-in coveted for this organizations dis aster preparedness plan.The best method that we have found for pursuit includes the expansion of the HERT Program, covering the program during Health Fairs and Nursing Skills Fairs, and involving staff in exercises as mock patients (K. F. , personal interview, February 13, 2012). After my interview with K. F. , I was sincerely intrigued into what all goes on with a disaster preparedness plan. I knew that disaster plans were in effect for many organizations, but I did not greet the actual extent of what goes n with the planning of it. I learned a lot through the interview and was very pleased with the information that I received about Maricopa Medical Center and their disaster preparedness plan.I feel that what is involved in their plan is very relevant to the stance of the organization, as well as how they every year they have two operational exercises, as well as discussion based exercises, to help test their plan and determine its effectiveness. I think this is a very importan t aspect to any organization because without testing the plan, it is unclear how effective it really it.After these annual exercises, I think it is great that the organization has an after report with ideas for improvement to help make their disaster plan stronger and more effective. All in all, I believe that Maricopa Medical Center has a very effective and sufficient disaster preparedness plan for their organization and that they are consistently looking for areas of where they can improve and better their plan to help the community recover from disaster as it occurs (K. F. , personal interview, February 13, 2012).

Personal Skills for Business Management Students Essay

Effective pedantic and individualised skills argon non inborn they are something superstar and only(a) grass realise on and unfold done practice and coefficient of reflection. Taking the Personal Skills module significantly back up my private and donnish uprisement in that it helped me i hideouttify key gaps in my skills portfolio and develop effective strategies and techniques to address key areas of weaknesses. This ability is crucial not only for academic per salmagundiance, but is also highly encouraged in the workplace, as copeing how to turn weaknesses into strengths and further mitigate them is of utmost immensity to the constant learning process. Calling upon personal experience and employ insights from the rising literature on skills development I will attempt to littlely assess my academic performance so far, hold forth strategies that will potentially improve my skills and set lasts to work towards. First, I will draw watchfulness to one of my key s trengths academic writing in relationship to positive feedback then, I will analyze my experience with teamwork and finally, I will discuss a example for maximising individual performance capacity.From my perspective, reflecting on your witness performance is the best way to identify learning strategies that will work best for you, develop effective work habits and become an independent learner. A good starting point in reflecting on my personal academic performance and skills development would be to come to the foreline one of my key strengths, which I sustain identified through with(predicate) feedback from markers and self-evaluation, namely critical analysis and its finish to academic writing. When I entered university I was faced with the challenge to further develop my critical approach to functional on grants by utilising academic writing conventions and developing an effective procedure for writing essays. University essays dont command only originality of th ought what is highly valued is the ability to demonstrate a deeper judgement of the subject through qualification use of key texts, articles or studies in your subject area, drawing on academic workings of up-to-date experts in the field and challenging the ideas, c one timepts and theories you have learned.My acknowledgement of this fact is at the heart of the procedure and strategies I have developed for writing essays and assignments. peculiarly applicable to my approach are Elbows two complementary color ways of thinking which I use in different stages of structuring and rewriting my academic essays. Peter Elbow (1983) calls these ways of thinking first ramble and sulfur aver thinking and argues that a good thinker utilizes two and judging from my personal experience with academic writing I signs his viewpoint. agree to Elbow, first regularize thinking does not strive for conscious correspond or direction it is rather intuitive and creative and it is essential to bonk its key strength while working on assignments in many a(prenominal) cases it brings out concourses best and most creative writing.The assist order thinking does not contradict with the first one on the contrary, it complements it. It highlights the importance of reasoning, true statement and control and is quite often perceived as critical thinking. My self-observation suggests that I usually utilise first order thinking for first draft exploratory writing in order to come up with a fresh point of view and form conceptual insights that are remarkably shrewd. Then I aim at developing my initial ideas through critical thinking, looking into relevant theories and concepts, evaluating their accuracy and then trying to challenge or support them, depending on the chthonicstanding I had gained and my personal opinion. Drawing on my personal experience with using both ways of thinking while working on an assignment I would argue that employing this kind of reasoned reflective t hinking in combination with the intuitive one results in significant improvement of my academic performance.In particular, over my time spent at university so far, my goal in terms of academic writing has been to further develop my second order critical thinking and make better use of it. As a result of my efforts and the constructive feedback I got from my first university essay, the second piece of music of work I produced was better thought out and more reasonable, which was  discernable from the score of 85% I received. In order to further support my academic development, I have identified a core dodging as to making constructive use of feedback from tutors. Authors like S. Quinton(2010) recognise the value of the relationship between reflection and feedbackFeedback on written work can be used as a vehicle for reflection. Therefore, the outline that will potentially aid me in further improving my critical writing is to constructively go through the feedback I receive aft (prenominal) each written assignment and list my tutors comments under Major issues and Minor issues(Cottrell, 1999).Moreover, create the habit to compare my feedbacks from previous works will not only help he identify gaps in skills portfolio, but also bound track of my progress. Drawing from research on the effects of reflection combined with feedback on self-regulated learning (van den Boom, 2007) and my personal experience it is safe to conclude that the practical value of the combination of reflection and tutor feedback is a promising means to improve academic performance. Since I joined university I didnt only have to respond to issues and challenges presented by the program in terms of my individual performance, but also had to direct in teamwork and gain first-hand experience of being a member of a group working towards a common goal. We had the opportunity to test out our group and teamwork skills, identify our individual shortcomings as well as our weaknesses as a grou p and work towards producing an outstanding piece of work.While working on the task, I took advantage of the opportunity to reflect upon my interpersonal and conversation skills. M. Bambacas and M. Patrickson (2008, p.52) argue that Interpersonal communication explains the means by which organisational activities, such as managing, controlling, planning, and leading are delivered. This area of interpersonal communication has also been explored by Hunsaker and Alessandra (1986), who had identified four Interpersonal Styles underlain by the degree of responsiveness and assertiveness each one of them suggests. Having reflected on my affair in the group work, I came to the conclusion that I use the Analytical Interpersonal Style, which is characterised by self-actualisation and security, sleepless actions and decisions, low degree of responsiveness and assertiveness.One of its key weaknesses, however, is that it is associated with unwillingness of involvement with other group member s and focus on autonomous work. From my viewpoint, a practical strategy or technique for dealing with this problem is to start building up from a small base by knowting to know other group members better to feel more at relaxation and to make a decision to speak at least once during the meeting (Cottrell, 1999, p.97). Furthermore, drawing on my experience with teamwork, one of the major risks for failing performance I had identified in groups and teams is not realising that different individuals have different interpersonal styles with both their weaknesses and strengths. Therefore, it is essential to make an effort to get to know your team members individually, to appreciate their strengths and to show respect for other peoples ideas which leads to real teamwork. Finally, study skills are acquired through trial and error, they arise through practice, feedback and reflection as one moves through different stages of ones course.However, no matter the stage of the learning pro cess, considerable assistance should be paid to a straightforward but insightful framework for maximising individual performance capacity, namely the equation Performance = expertness x Support x Effort (Shermerhorn, 2004, p.49). Even though this fashion model is aimed at human capital at organisations, it can also be related to academic performance. According to Shermerhon, ability is the capacity to perform through job-relevant knowledge and skills. At university students acquire this ability through covering the relevant academic material and taking advantage of the educational opportunities the university gives them. The second variant in the equation support- is associated with the opportunity to perform in an environment that stimulates and supports ones application of job-relevant capabilities to ones work. In terms of university education, making use of lecturers and tutors help and the university resources would provide one with this kind of support. Last, the willingn ess to perform, to do well, is displayed by effort.This means that university students should always try to reflect on their personal and academic skills, identify areas of strength and areas that should be improved and develop strategies and techniques to improve overall performance. From my perspective, a good strategy for a student to get high and persistent performance results and to manage his/her feature skills development is to keep those factors in mind and try to maximise them. In conclusion, the recognition that university students are given a great deal more responsibility for their own success than they have experienced before can be lamentable to some in that some might feel that their study lacks structure, which is by and large considered a fault.However, it is of great importance to realise that this can also be an advantage because of the freedom to study in ways that suit the individual. move time aside to reflect on my study habits helped me recognise are as where I can improve, identify strategies that work for me or are worth a try, set goals to work towards and keep track of my progress. After being a university student for almost an year, I can safely conclude that through self-reflection and constructive feedback I significantly improved my academic and personal skills and am a step closer to becoming an autonomous learner.ReferencesBambacas, M., Patrickson, M., (2008), Interpersonal communication skills that enhance organisational commitment, Journal of Communication Management, Volume 12, Issue 1, Pages 51-72 Cottrell, S., (1999), The area Skills Handbook, Palgrave Macmillan, New York Elbow, Peter, (1983), Teaching Thinking by Teaching Writing., Change, Vol.15(6), p.37-40 Hunsaker, P., Alessandra, A., (1986), The Art of Managing People, Simon and Schuster Quinton, S., (2010), victuals forward using feedback to promote student reflection and learning a teaching model, Innovations in Education and Teaching International 47 (1 ) 125-135 Schermerhorn, J., McCarthy, A., (2004), Enhancing Performance Capacity in the Workplace A Reflection on the Significance of the Individual, Irish Journal of Management25. 2 45-60van den Boom, Gerard, (2007), Effects of elicited reflections combined with tutor or peer feedback on self-regulated learning and learning outcomes, Learning and Instruction, Vol.17(5), p.532-548

Newspaper Reviews

arrant(a) three reviews of newspaper / magazine articles using the given usher. A prototype review has been attached for your reference. All articles should be on one of the topics downstairs and topics should not repeat. Transport Equality Rich-poor Gap Science Technology gardening Natural Disaster Ageing Population Teenage Issues EducationYou may affair marker and non-print articles. Articles should be dated no earlier than October 2013. Your reviews should be typed out. Articles employ must be included in your reviews. For print articles, include the lord article in your reviews. For non-print articles, please print them out with your review. Please print out your reviews for submission.Deadline 1st English lesson in Term 1 2014review template Name & axerophthol index no.ClassTopic(s)Title of articleDate of articleSourceIssue(s) Summary of important concern(s) of the articlePoints of view Perspectives of the tribe concerned (give at least 2 perspectives)Consequences Pos sible negative & antiophthalmic factor positive effects of the issue(s)Evidence / Data Statistics, ex antiophthalmic factorles, anecdotes, etc.Vocabulary Useful words & adenine phrases cerebrate to the issuePersonal Opinion Your personal view on the issueSample Review Name & index no. Jean Grey (10) Class 3S4 Topic(s) Food & Health, Media Title of article 14 F&B firms self-assurance to operate ads aimed at kids Date of article October 30, 2012 Source The Straits TimesIssue(s)Summary of main concern(s) of the article Obesity is on the rise in Singapore and it is believed that publicizing influences what children choose to eat. The Singapore regime has introduced an initiative to stop advertising tumescent nutriments to children from January 1 2013 in order to fight obesity.Points of viewPerspectives of the people concerned (give at least 2 perspectives) Health Promotion Board (HPB) chief executive F&B companies pledge is an important first criterion, given that ad vertising has a significant impact on childrens food woofs. McDonalds spokesperson The company has introduced more healthy food options. It will support the initiative to stop advertising in media take where children make up more than 35 per cent of the audience. NTU Associate professor It is doubtful whether the changes will have a lasting impact on childrens eating habits as children are increasingly exposed to well-disposed media which is hard to regulate.ConsequencesPossible negative & positive effects of the issue(s) If the initiative is successful, it would curb obesity which would in turn lower the proportion of children at gamey risk of chronic ailments. If the initiative is unsuccessful, it would have no impact on obesity which is on the rise.Evidence / DataStatistics, examples, anecdotes, etc. Research has shown that advertising influences what children buy or choose to eat. About 9 per cent of children here are obese, move them at a higher risk of chronic ailment s like diabetes as they grow older. A British study found that children aged sixer to 13 were more likely to want to eat fatty and honeyed foods after watching commercials for unhealthy food on TV.VocabularyUseful words & phrases related to the issue Food and beverage firms, initiative, curb advertising, chronic ailments, modify fats, trans fats, nutritional criteria, dietary guidelines, regulations restricting food advertising, HPBs healthier choice symbol, wholesome Personal OpinionYour personal view on the issue I think that the initiative is a good move by the government as it promotes greater social responsibility on the part of F&B firms. It also sends out a strong centre to the public that obesity is a serious concern that demands our immediate charge and action.Template adapted from Pauls Wheel of Reasoning

The Importance of Literacy Attainment in Primary Education

Why the g everywherenment ar driving to stop literacy is a main priority, especi tot each(prenominal)yy training by six geezerhood of age. The sizeableness of this and the founds on the child, p bents, teachers and clubhouse. Abstract This paper attempts to analyse wherefore the government atomic number 18 works so hard at ensuring each our primary children ar course session by the age of six. The importance of this and the effect on children, teachers and society. It is well documented that discipline is one of the most tabustanding abilities students acquire as they hand through their early shoal geezerhood.It is the footing for learning across exclusively subjects, it dismissnister be used for amusement and for personal growth, and it equips young children with the ability to participate fully in their communities and the larger society (Campbell et al, 2001) We will steamy state at key issues and question which suffer the government literacy in demnity and ways in which it ass be am rarity in school. In particular we concentrate on on the broad question between poor literacy science and conductal problems within the primary setting. We ghost the early literacy take over programmes and how they are practised in the class room setting.We address the notional views on how phrase acquisition and literacy are interwoven. We look at the image of the teacher and school, and how policy and practice foundation cool the progress of child literacy growth by age of 6. Contents gentle and Abstracti Chapter 11 creation 1 Chapter 22 Literature Review2 Research in to edition difficulties and behavioral problems2 2. 1 How does this fall the individual, parents, teachers and society5 2. 2 What impact does it countenance on the school6 Chapter 38 Analysis and critique of attest base8 What altercates does it impose on the teachers nd what potent teaching methods are considered best practice8 3. 1 How does policy compa re the theoretical look for10 3. 2 Why do opposite countries not deem early literacy as Copernican as the UK12 Chapter 413 Conclusion13 Chapter 514 Recommendations14 Bibliography15 Appendices19 Chapter 1 Introduction David Camerons conservative educational policy put his party on a collision course with the teaching profession, when he announced in November 07 that virtually every child in the country will be expected to look at by the age of six under a conservative government.Cameron wants pupils to sit a empathize test at the end of year one, and the target will be for all-bar those with serious learning difficulties, to pass. Their policy to scrap the key stage one testing, which was quite controversial, has already been en rived. His policy to concentrate on the absolute fundament stone, which is an ability to read, has yet to be enforced. He wants 90% of our children construe by the age of six, the early(a) 10% with acute finicky urgencys will be given special help (BBC new-fangleds Nov 2007).It is also been observed that most children will by temperament read by the age of six, as they progress though the foundation stage and key stage one. The problem arises with the children that do not progress so easily. At the age of four and five most children are less aware of their peers, they are more than(prenominal) interested in their take ability to do. Yet as they turn six their awareness of others and their abilities flummox more interesting. This in-turn leads to the less apposite children realising that they are not as dazzling as other children, which can leads to them feeling disheartened and inadequate.Consequently this white toughie lead to the less gifted children giving up and becoming disengaged, which can pee-pee deportmental problems. at that placefore if the teacher can help these children early, perchance the exploit gap will not be so noticeable, and so prevent further elevation of problems that arise from detac hment (Teacher TV 2009). It is though however that at much(prenominal) a young age, this conduct is more easily managed and can be reversed (Moffitt 2006). Apparently there is a scheme behind David Camerons policy.As early prevention may hopefully alleviate the need for expensive intervention later on. Chapter 2 Literature Review Research in to practice session difficulties and demeanoral problems As it has frequently been observed that education difficulties are accompanied by doings problems ( Berger, Yule &038 Rutter, 1975 Rutter, Tizeird &038 Whitmore, 1970). However, the exact nature of the relationship has been difficult to elucidate. One possibility is that deportment problems arise as a consequence of the childs reaction to being a poor reader.An alternative possibility is that the behaviour problems pre-date the nurture difficulty and affect the childs capacity to profit from reading teaching. A third possibility is that behaviour problems are related to reading di fficulties because they share a honey oil cause. A bidly candidate for such a common cause would be home setting. Of course, none of these possibilities are mutually exclusive. every(prenominal) could be partly true, with causal influences operating in both directions between reading difficulties and behaviour problems, as well as coming from home background.Several studies gravel essay to sort out these various possibilities. Two claim greetes create been employed. The first is to compare children who energise both reading difficulties and behaviour problems with children who demand reading difficulties alone and with children who have behaviour problems alone. If the children with both reading difficulties and behaviour problems are exchangeable in background to those with reading difficulties alone, rather than those with behaviour problems alone, then it is likely that behaviour problems arise in part as a consequence of reading failure.Conversely, if the children with unite problems are more similar in background to those with behaviour problems, then it codms likely that the behaviour problems are the primary disorder. A number of studies have been reported exploitation this procession with antisocial behaviour problems. Rutter and Yule (1970) studied 9 to 10 year-old children on the isle of Wight. They found that the children with combined problems were more similar in background to those with reading difficulty alone and concluded that the reading difficulties produced the behaviour problems. Sturge 1982) research with 10 year old children from inner capital of the United Kingdom school found that those with combined problems had background characteristics in between those of the two groups with pure disorders. She concluded that in most cases, behaviour problems might be secondary to reading difficulties, barely that this could not be the complete explanation. However, Varlaam (1974) also used inner London children and did find tho se with combined problems to be more similar to children with pure reading difficulties.Generically speaking, then, the evidence using this approach has been consistent with the view that behaviour problems arise as a consequence of reading failure. The second approach adopted by researchers on this issue is the longitudinal study. With this approach, children are followed over the first few years of education. Those who have demonstrable reading difficulties afterward this time are then studied to see if their behaviour problems were inaugurate before formal reading instructions began or whether they certain precisely later as a reaction to reading failure.Two studies have used the longitudinal approach. McMichael (1979) assessed Scottish children for behaviour problems and reading readiness at school entry and then two years later assessed reading doing and behaviour problems. She found that antisocial behaviour problems preceded the later reading difficulties. However, th e children with behaviour problems at school entry also had lower reading readiness acquirements. On the other hand, McMichael found no evidence of an accession in behaviour problems as a consequence of reading failure.Stott (1981), working with Canadian children, followed them over the first three years of schooling. His findings concurred with those of McMichael (1979) in that children who developed reading difficulties were found to have behaviour problems at school entry. Stott attempted to rule out the possibility that home background was a common cause of both behaviour problems and reading difficulties by grouping the children correspond to living conditions. He concluded that on the whole it was behaviour problems which take to reading difficulties, home background was not ruled out as a contri exactlying factor Moffatt 2006) of Royal Institute of London did an extensive study on twins and genetics relating to poor literacy and behaviour problems in primary. His research was surprising, as his results, found genetics did not explain it. He feels its an purlieual process, such as what goes on in the classroom, and this is most-valuable because it can be changed. His researchers say their findings indicate that faculty member intervention can have a tyrannical effect on behaviour.Programmes that target any reading problems or behaviour problems during the pre-school and early primary school years are likely to produce changes in both areas, the research concludes. 2. 1 How does this affect the individual, parents, teachers and society There is a strong link to literacy attainment and confidence levels with regards to socio-economic advantaged children. The facilitation of these opportunities in the home (quiet reading environments, encouragement to read as a leisure activity, having plenty of books readily available, all elicit the exploitation.The forbid effects of reading problems are also well documented (Harris &038 Sipay, 1990). There is evidence that reading disability is associated with social, economic, and psychological problems. The parkland Paper, Excellence for all children, meeting the special educational unavoidably(DfEE 1997), acknowledged the Literacy task force recommendations for developing strategies to enable parents and schools to work together in supporting the literacy achievement for children with SEN (DfEE 1997, section 13, p 15).With this in mind it is important that the teacher offers mulish advice and methods of intervention to the parents. The effects of good prevention and early intervention, along with telling parenting support will help reduce the risk of antisocial behaviour later on (Rutter 1979 and Epstein 1986). By working with the parents, the teacher can form a plan of action that will facilitate the childs learning. If the parents are poor, the teacher can suggest the child takes books from school to read at home with the parent.If the parent is not able to read or is working all the time, alternatives arrangements can be made for other family members to help. By taking a pragmatic approach the teacher will hopefully be able to help both the child and their parent with tactic based activities that will help to raise the spirits of the child patch they learn (Wadworths 1991). The role of the teacher in literature-based instruction is one of finality pee-peer, mentor, and coach. The teacher plans and supports activities that allow children to do those things one naturally does with literature (Routman, 1991).This role includes planning themes, service students activate the distinguish prior knowledge, and supporting students in reading and responding to the literature in appropriate ways (Martinez &038 Roser, 1991). In round instances the teacher plans and teaches mini-lessons using the literature as a model for helping students learn a essential strategy or skill (Trachtenberg, 1990). As a mentor, the teacher serves as a model for reading and aut horship, by reading aloud to students, the teacher models language for them.Through divided authorship (Mc great dealzie, 1985), the teacher models all aspects of writing, grammar, usage, and spelling. By supporting students with such activities as shared reading, literature discussion circles, and response activities, the teacher plays the role of coach (Cooper, 1993). 2. 2 What impact does it have on the school The mavins challenge is to ensure that teachers have knowledge of current literacy best practices and access to the tools and resources needed to incorporate them. The principals need to have a working knowledge of literacy and the in style(p) research findings nigh learning.They also need to ensure spunky whole step instruction is supported by strong literacy frameworks. This may include the hazard for peer coaching, classroom visitations, and literacy courses made available. along side the practical courses the principal should ensure all her teachers opinions and ideas are valued, it is her role to support, motivate and encourage goodness in all her teaching staff. As teachers are a study part of a vision for literacy, competent, caring, and committed teachers create the conditions for learning literacy.To state quality learning for all young children, all teachers need a foundational knowledge about literacy learning, and they need to apply that knowledge with sensitivity and skill in daily reading and writing instruction ( atomic 1999). a emergence body of evidence suggests that reading problems are preventable for the vast mass of students who encounter difficulty in learning to read, if these students receive extra support in the form of an early intervention program (Goldenberg, 1994 Hiebert &038 Taylor, 1994 Reynolds, 1991). alone of the reading recovery programs reflect a model of reading as an active, meaningful, structural process.Before-reading activities are used to build or activate relevant background knowledge, concepts , and vocabulary. Students are taught to monitor their reading to ensure that what they are reading makes sense. They are taught strategies for correcting word recognition errors that detract from meaning, and they are given opportunities for reacting and responding to selections they have read. The texts they are asked to read are read for enjoyment and for information. Other activities are developed within a framework of reading for meaning.Because reading for meaning is the unceasing point of reference and because students in these programs need substantial help in building word-identification skills, the amount of time spent in discussing selections and in teacher questioning about the selection is kept to a minimum (Reynolds and Wheldall 2007). Chapter 3 Analysis and critique of evidence base What challenges does it impose on the teachers and what effective teaching methods are considered best practice The Curriculum is only as good as the people who offer it practitioners pla y a major part in how a child leans and indeed what they learn. Gerhardts (2004 andGopnik et al. , 2001) point out that for a child to develop effectively, it is important that the child has a perfervid loving, nurturing relationship with their teacher. Pedagogy on which teachers can draw on All children need to acquire knowledge of the alphabetic system to become skilful readers. The most direct way for teachers to accomplish this is by providing explicit, systematic phonics instruction as one part of a comprehensive early reading program. Systematic and explicit phonics instruction is effective for all students in kindergarten and figure 1, regardless of socioeconomic status or the ease with which children learn to read.Along side this runs the polar modes of reading and their advantages to the children. The term mode of reading refers to the different ways literature may be read aloud by the teacher, shared, guided by the teacher, cooperatively, or independently (Cooper, 1993) . By changing the modes of reading used for different students, teachers are able to scaffold instruction and forget different levels of support for students in order to make them winnerful in reading a piece of literature (Cooper, 1993 Cullinan, 1992 Tunnell &038 Jacobs, 1989) read aloud is the sensation most influential factor in young childrens success in learning to read.It builds listening skills and vocabulary, aids reading comprehension, and develops a positive attitude toward reading. The teacher reads aloud daily to the whole class from a variety of childrens literature (fiction, nonfiction, and poetry). Shared denotation The children (or a excellent group of children) see the text, observe the teacher reading it with fluency and expression, and are invited to read along. Eyes on text with voice support are shared reading. Shared reading gives an authentic reason to practice skills and strategies. It creates a low risk environment and supplies support so children can occasion in and see themselves as readers.steer reading The teacher selects books from a variety of genres for a small group with the expectation that all children can read the selection at an instructional level (90 to 94 percent) with prompts and questions. Guided reading provides the teacher with time to observe reading behaviours. It lets the teacher see the children functioning as readers and helps the teacher know what to stress next to croak the children forward. The child selects and reads a variety of genres, an integral component of all levels of reading development. Independent reading provides practice and builds fluency and comprehension.It also demonstrates that reading is a priority. It is a time to assist a student in choosing appropriate books and allows them time in reading books of their choice. This helps ensure success and enjoyment (Cheminais 2005). scaffold instruction Which is a concept that has grown out of research on how individuals learn (Collins, Brown , &038 Newman, 1986 Vygotsky, 1978). This concept is based on the idea that at the get down of learning, students need a great deal of support gradually, this support is taken away to allow students to try their independence.This is what Pearson (1985) called the gradual release of responsibility. If students are inefficient to achieve independence, the teacher brings back the support system to help students understand success until they are able to achieve independence (Cooper, 1993). By using this method it is hopefully more clear-cut which children are in need of more support. Modeling Through Storybook Reading Recent research clarifies the original importance of reading storybooks to young children both at home and in school. Very early, children begin to imitate that reading &8212 at first by relying exclusively on picture clues and memory.With increased experience they begin to focus on the information that print conveys (Snow, 1983 Sulzby, 1985 Teale, 1987). 3. 1 How doe s policy compare the theoretical research approximately all theorists regardless of their particular thesis, believe that nature and nurture are interwoven in a childs development. As Chomskys belief in nature still relies on nurturing for a child to gain its full developmental potential. As he wrote If a child is dictated in an impoverished environment, innate abilities only will not develop, mature, and undulate (Taylor and woodwinds (2005).Similarly, a child brought up in an institution may have ample experience and nutrition, but still may not develop normally, either physically or mentally, if normal human interaction is lacking(Chomsky 1987 p 2). So as Chomsky, believes the child is born with specific linguistic knowledge Skinner, is portrayed as believing that language is entirely a matter of conditioning Piaget, who sees language development as an outgrowth of general cognitive development and Bruner, who emphasises the importance of the social/interactional context in which language development takes place.All have a common link as one depends on the other to finish up its true potential (McCartney K and Phillips D 2006). any claws development does depend on their physical, cognitive, social and emotional self. And each of these components of self depends in part, on the changes that are taking place in other areas of development (Shaffer 1992). In reality, this is some times overlooked by practitioners in their assessments and evaluations of our children. As the measurements of achievements rears it ugly head, and some teachers focus on the bright and gifted while the less gifted child is left to his own devises.Most school want to have a good record of achievement and thus instruct their teachers to comply with their wish to get the best results for the school as possible. For some teachers this is a bitter pill to swallow as their time is taken up by helping the gifted children reach the highest targets, unavoidably leaves the less gifted neglected. Ability tracking, is yet another thorn for the less gifted children as this is where students are grouped by their ability, some theorists argue that this undermines the self-esteem of low ability students.As children are placed on the red, yellow, blue or green table depending on how clever they are perceived to be, by the teacher. Thus contributing to poor academic achievement and a high number of children feeling disheartened and demoralised. As we mentioned earlier how children of six are more aware of their peers, this only highlights the fact, going away the less gifted children believing they are stupid, so they stop seek to achieve. Rutters research in 1983 suggests that mixed ability groups are more discriminatory for children in primary education and ability tracking was more healthy in the latter senior years at secondary. Rutter 1983) put high emphasis on the teachers attitudes towards their pupils as being vitally important to the Childs achievements. Moti vation, praise, encouragement and a high expectation are all crucial to ensuring a child succeeds (Pollard 1997). 3. 2 Why do other countries not deem early literacy as important as the UK Dr Ken Spencer (2007) from the Institute of Learning at University of hull, fought back in response to all the critics of Cameron, as they protested why other countries did not deem this an important issue.He made them aware of the reason why Scandinavian children can slit reading at six their language has a transparent writing system, in which each sound has only one letter associated with it. With such a writing system all children read in about six month, no matter when they start school. His research evidence shows that learning to read English will always take three or more years longer, than most other languages. There is now certain(p) evidence that complex combinations of letters and their irregular behaviour interact to make English the worst example of alphabetical language. Chapter 4C onclusion language and literacy development, like all human development, will be heavily unflinching by the nature of the environment, and may be severely limited unless the environment is appropriate. A stimulating environment is required to enable natural curiosity, intelligence, and creativeness to develop, and to enable our biological capacities to unfold. The fact that the course of development is largely internally determined does not mean that it will proceed without care, stimulation, and opportunity (Penn 2005). give care Chomsky perceived teaching is not like filling a cup with water, but ore like enabling a flower to grow in its own way but it will not grow and flourish without proper care(Chomsky 1897,p1). There is evidence that teachers whom have a holistic view with a child centred approach, can lead to a more fruitful interaction between the realms of theory and practice, which in turn will benefit the childs learning and behaviour. The examples of research in th e palm of literacy and development discussed, show how work which was originally theoretically motivated can lead to practical recommendations for intervention.Chapter 5 Recommendations It does appear that there is extensive evidence to suggest that poor teacher may have a circumstances to do with poor literacy attainment and behavioural issues. Perhaps David Cameron quest for literacy attainment will only be achieved once the teaching pedagogy improves. Adults, like children, learn better when they perceive a need for the information they are learning. Staff development should provide teachers with authentic, meaningful tasks that relate to improving classroom instruction.Helping teachers improve instruction must focus on more than just going through the motions of teaching. Showers, Joyce, and Bennett (1987) analyzed more than two light speed research studies on staff development and concluded that a major factor in how teachers teach is how they think about teaching. Staff dev elopment should help teachers increase their knowledge and learn to think about their instructional decisions. Having a basic level of knowledge about an innovation is important in helping teachers buy in to it (Showers et al. , 1987).Over the last cardinal years the emphasis on staff development has evolved in legion(predicate) ways, from workshop sessions to more comprehensive, collaborative approaches that focus on the individual needs and concerns of teachers (Waxman, 1987). Hopefully by improving our pedagogy and focusing on a more holistic child centred environment all children and teachers will benefit. The research literature to date has suggested pathways for us to take. It is up to us as a society to make the journey. 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Rochester, NY National Reading Council. Trachtenburg, P. (1990). Using childrens literature to enhance phonics instruction. The Reading Teacher, 43, 648-654.Tunnell, M. O. , &038 Jacobs, J. S. (1989). Using real books Research Þndings on literature-based instruction. The Reading Teacher, 42(7) Varlaam, A. (1974). Educational attainment and behaviour at school. Greater London erudition Quarterly, 29, 2939 Vygotsky, L. S. (1962) Thought and Language, Cambridge Massachusetts MIT Press. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press. Wadsworth M (1991) The Imprint of Time Childhood, History and adult Life, Clarendon Press Waxman, H. C. (1987). Improving classroom instruction through staff development A